{"id":915,"date":"2020-06-16T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-06-16T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infodesk.comdemystifying-taxonomies"},"modified":"2025-10-16T11:34:03","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T11:34:03","slug":"demystifying-taxonomies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infodesk.com\/blog\/demystifying-taxonomies","title":{"rendered":"Demystifying taxonomies"},"content":{"rendered":"

InfoDesk\u2019s Taxonomy Manager, Ryan Williams helps shed some light on taxonomies \u2013 what they are, why they are valuable, and how you can make use of them.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ryan joined InfoDesk in 2017, initially in the role of Managing Editor, after fifteen years working in government and academic libraries. He previously served as Digital and Instructional Resources Librarian at the United States Senate, and worked as a librarian at the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Ryan graduated with a BA in English from Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois and also holds an MLIS from Dominican University. He lives in Washington, D.C.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

What are taxonomies?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Taxonomies are tools for organizing concepts in meaningful and useful ways.<\/p>\n

In biology, taxonomies group similar organisms together \u2013 the tigers with the animals, the ferns with the plants, the yeasts with the fungi. On a taxonomic chart you can see at a glance how closely a tiger is related to a fern or a fungus. The same principles can be applied to any group of related concepts \u2013 industries within an economy, or classes of drugs among all medicines, or sports teams within leagues.<\/p>\n

Now, if The Tiger King<\/a> taught us anything, it\u2019s that we ought to keep tigers and humans separate. Biological taxonomy makes this kind of clear distinction possible. As fellow mammals (Mammalia<\/em> in taxonomic terms) we humans might feel ourselves powerfully drawn to tigers \u2013 but best not to forget that they are Carnivora<\/em> who sometimes enjoy devouring Primates<\/em>. By arranging concepts into hierarchical groups based on related characteristics, a taxonomy can show how humans and tigers are alike, as well as how we are different.<\/p>\n

A taxonomy can be defined as a hierarchical classification of concepts. By \u201chierarchical,\u201d this doesn\u2019t mean that the concepts at the top of a taxonomy\u2019s hierarchy are in some way superior to the ones further down. It\u2019s not a hierarchy in the same sense as a corporation\u2019s org chart, or in the way that a serf was lower in the medieval European social hierarchy than a king.<\/p>\n

Instead, taxonomies place smaller groups of related concepts in hierarchical relationships with larger groups. Far out on the branches of the taxonomic tree, humans and tigers are far separated into different groups. But look closer to the roots, and you\u2019ll find that tigers, humans, fish and birds are all part of the same bigger and broader group. (That\u2019s Chordata<\/em>, because we all have backbones \u2013 although some of us might not have enough of one to handle tigers for a living).<\/p>\n

What are taxonomies for?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Taxonomies also use controlled vocabularies<\/em>. When talking amongst themselves, scientists all agree to use the term Tigris leo<\/em> when they mean \u201clion\u201d and Panthera tigris<\/em> when they mean \u201ctiger.\u201d It\u2019s easier to communicate about lions and tigers if everyone uses the same terms. Taxonomies\u2019 power comes from the combination of controlled vocabularies (in which a rose is a rose is a Rosa<\/em><\/a>) and precisely-defined hierarchical relationships (in which animals are separate from plants, but both are grouped with the eukaryotes<\/a>). If everybody agrees that ferns are plants, and that mammals are animals, and that the kingdom Animalia is separate from the kingdom Plantae, then it\u2019s easier for scientists to communicate with each other about living things.<\/p>\n

Similarly, once taxonomic classification is in place for a set of concepts, it becomes much easier to create tools for retrieving information about those concepts. Example time: Imagine you\u2019re a scientist with thousands of samples of beetle species in drawers (\u201cGod has an inordinate fondness for beetles<\/a>\u201d). You need to find a specific beetle species for your research. If all the drawers are labeled only, \u201cBeetle,\u201d you\u2019ll have to look through every last one of them to find your target. If, however, each beetle has been classified based on its unique characteristics, you can use those unique identifiers to quickly find the beetle you need.<\/p>\n

A controlled vocabulary using preferred terms<\/em> gives you hooks for finding information. You know to look not just for \u201ca beetle,\u201d but for Trichodes alvearius<\/em> in the specimen drawer marked Trichodes alvearius<\/em>. Or \u2013 in an example that might be more relevant to your actual life \u2013 you know where to look for that new pair of trainers in the \u201cAthletic Shoes\u201d drop-down on the shopping site.<\/p>\n

Different classification schemes and taxonomies have different purposes. The Dewey Decimal classification system, for example, makes it easy to find and retrieve books on library shelves. The categories that you see on Amazon or on other online shopping websites are often taxonomies designed for the purpose of helping you browse to find things to buy.<\/p>\n

What do taxonomies enable?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Information is useless if you can\u2019t retrieve it. Taxonomies enable information to be retrieved faster. At InfoDesk specifically, our taxonomies enable semantic searching using natural language queries. What does that mean? I\u2019ll use an InfoDesk-specific example. We\u2019ll start with semantic search.<\/p>\n

For InfoDesk\u2019s Industry taxonomy, we\u2019ve chosen the term \u201cConsumer Products\u201d (and not, say, \u201cConsumer Goods\u201d) to represent a broad industry sector that produces a wide array of items purchased directly by consumers (from televisions to toothbrushes, from smartphones to surfboards). Because of the semantic linking made possible by our subject taxonomy, when you search \u201cconsumer products,\u201d you\u2019ll receive results for \u201cconsumer<\/em> good<\/em>s\u201d and \u201cconsumer products<\/em>\u201d both, no matter what words might have been used in the document. You\u2019ll also get results for \u201cluxury products,\u201d \u201cconsumer electronics\u201d<\/em> and \u201cfootwear<\/em> manufacturing<\/em>\u201d, because the hierarchical classification identifies all of these terms as being related to your original search.<\/p>\n

Now as for natural language processing, or NLP \u2013 which means, well \u2026 processing language naturally, much as we humans process speech ourselves. Here\u2019s an example using a command you might give Alexa (although the same ideas hold true for any product that uses voice recognition): \u201cAlexa, play me something funky.\u201d<\/em> Apps that use voice recognition are deploying natural language processing techniques to understand what you mean when you speak commands. Alexa needs to know that you want a music app to play you some funk music \u2013 that Alexa should launch Spotify and play you Parliament, James Brown or Sly & the Family Stone.<\/p>\n

What\u2019s more, Alexa needs to know that when you ask Alexa for something funky, you most certainly do not<\/em> want to hear a song by 90s hip hop hitmakers Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch. Alexa must somehow comprehend that the presence of the word \u201cfunky<\/em>\u201d in a group\u2019s name does not necessarily mean that they make funk music. So, in order to get this to work, Alexa has to access some kind of underlying classification of what people mean by funky<\/em>. (To be clear, I have no idea if Alexa can actually handle this command well. Try it yourself and find out!)<\/p>\n

It\u2019s the same for NLP in semantic searching in InfoDesk products \u2013 \u201cInfoDesk, show me news about the internet industry.\u201d<\/em> What you want to see are articles about Google and Twitter, etc. And you don\u2019t want to have to enter separate search terms for every internet company, or return only irrelevant articles that just happen to use the phrase \u201cinternet<\/em> industry<\/em>,\u201d or articles that mention an internet company, but don\u2019t really have any business relevance. InfoDesk\u2019s semantic search draws on carefully-designed taxonomies and natural language processing techniques so that your search results include documents that are actually about<\/em> the topic you\u2019re looking for, instead of only documents that mention the keywords you\u2019ve entered into the search box.<\/p>\n

Why use taxonomies?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

There are a number of reasons taxonomies are critical. We\u2019ve already mentioned a few of them, but let me break down some other reasons here:<\/p>\n

1) Boolean is hard, semantic is easy<\/strong><\/p>\n

From an end-user\u2019s perspective, Boolean searching (using commands like AND, OR and NOT) is much more difficult than semantic searching (putting words in a box letting the technology do the hard work of figuring out what you meant by them). With Boolean searching, you need to have an understanding of what you want, what you don\u2019t want, and how to phrase searches the right way. With semantic search, much of that work has already been done for you. You don\u2019t have to think quite so hard to retrieve the information you want.<\/p>\n

2) Query expansion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The hierarchical organizations we referred to earlier are also the key to how query expansion<\/em> works. Using\u00a0 a Boolean search for \u201cchordates,<\/em>\u201d you will return only results that actually use the word \u201cchordates.\u201d But since biologists have classified tigers as Panthera<\/em>, which are part of Carnivora<\/em>, which are part of the Mammalia<\/em>, which in turn are part of the Chordata, <\/em>if you enter \u201cchordates,\u201d in a scientific search tool built on these principles, you would get results for \u201ctigers,\u201d whether the word \u201cchordate\u201d appears or not. Taxonomies make it possible to return results from across the entire hierarchical structure without actually having to enter all of the terms in the hierarchy.<\/p>\n

3) Synonymous and preferred terms<\/strong><\/p>\n

Within the English language there are endless iterations of what different subjects can be referred to. Taxonomies capture these synonyms within a controlled vocabulary so that you can be confident that when you search \u201cBlue Bug<\/em>\u201d your query also returns results on \u201cAzure Insects<\/em>.\u201d Similarly, if within your organization \u201cblue\u201d is constantly referred to as \u201cazure,\u201d you can set \u201cazure\u201d as the preferred term for this subject so that the information is tailored to your specific needs.<\/p>\n

\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Taxonomies can be a confusing concept to grasp; but then again, the world is a confusing and disorderly place. Part of why I love working with taxonomies is that they can help us wrangle the chaos of the world\u2019s information into a form that\u2019s easier to access and use. And of course, I also love helping our customers solve their own, more specific information-wrangling problems.<\/p>\n

If you have any further queries or questions please get in touch with me:\u00a0 Ryan.Williams@infodesk.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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